Generally, intestinal microbiota and probiotics such as Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum elevate both pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-33, IL-1α, IL-β, IL-12, and IFNγ, and also they increases the presence of innate immune cells in the lungs such as NKs, macrophages, and dendritic cells during influenza infection. Here, IFNG is linked to influenza.