The branched-chain Aas were previously shown to be associated with insulin resistance and diabetes risk.31,32 Mechanistically it was suggested that branched-chain Aas together with lipoprotein-derived lipids affect the responsiveness of peripheral tissues to insulin, as branched-chain Aa-induced insulin resistance in rodents occurs only on the background of a high-fat diet.29,33 The high concentrations of triglyceride-rich VLDL particles observed here would be compatible with such a concept. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.