CTLA4 and neoplasm: Recently, PLGA NPs combining ICG and the toll like receptor ligand R387 (PLGA-ICG-R387) were used in combination photothermal-immunotherapy, such that the photothermal ablation triggered the release of tumor-associated antigens, which in combination with anti-CTLA4 checkpoint blockade, resulted in strong immunological response both locally and at distant tumor sites (Figure 4A) (Chen et al., 2016).