SMAD3 and prostate cancer: For example, lncRNA ANRIL promotes the invasion and metastasis in OSCC, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer through regulating TGF‐β/Smad3 pathway.[23] LncRNA ELIT‐1 behaves as a Smad3 cofactor to facilitate TGF‐β/Smad3 pathway and induce EMT.[24] Therefore, the effects of HITTERS on proliferation and invasion are partly attributed to the activation of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 MAPK, and TGF‐β/Smad3 pathway.