AKT1 and gestational diabetes: Similar to the changing pattern of fetal blood glucose, insulin, and leptin levels in Fig. 3, the expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, and p-SGK1 were robustly increased in the placental tissues of all GDM groups compared with the control group, as shown in Figs. 4A–D and 5A–D.