Despite HIF-dependent upregulation of AMPs, metabolic acidosis markedly impairs clearance of urinary tract infection with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC-UTI) and thus exacerbates pyelonephritis in innate immune competent C3H strains mice that are prone to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)35. This evidence concerns the gene ADSL and vesicoureteral reflux.