ATG5 and cancer: Indeed, some drugs, such as rapamycin, bortezomib and butyrate to promote autophagosome formation [164, 165], and enforced expression of the autophagy-related genes, such as ATG3, ATG4 [166], ATG5 [164, 165], ATG9 [167] and Beclin1 [127], are demonstrated to induce autophagic cell death, and work in tandem with other chemotherapeutic drugs to conquer cancer in certain cell types.