In both human and mouse cells HMGB1 levels decreased and HMGB1 levels in the culture medium increased with PA exposure, suggesting similar mobilization (Fig. 1c, d).These results indicate that hepatocytes loss of HMGB1 and HC-HMGB1 is a major source of circulating HMGB1 during the development of NAFLD. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.