It is also reported that HMGB1 mediates inflammatory pathway that is receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and redox signaling dependent and helps promote ectopic intestinal inflammation in NAFLD (Chandrashekaran et al. 2017).This is consistent with the role of HMGB1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern contributing to injury, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses (Chen et al. 2013). Here, HMGB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.