VEGFA and renal fibrosis: Adenosine A2B receptors mediate immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions that contribute to tissue repair [7], while restraining mesangial cell growth [8] and promoting renal fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, through IL-6 formation and local release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TFG-β1) [9,10].