We also measured the populations of neutrophils in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of E. coli–infected and LPS-treated mice and found the numbers of neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6G+) in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood increased in response to E. coli infection and LPS stimulation (Figs 3O–Q and S4O–Q), indicating that LPS stimulates the secretion of G-CSF and initiates emergency granulopoiesis in bone marrow during systemic inflammation. Here, CSF3 is linked to escherichia coli infection.