REN and chronic kidney disease: Although patients with CKD often have traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, many CKD-specific risk factors are also implicated in CKD-accelerated atherosclerosis, including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, uremic toxins, anemia, heart failure, bone mineral disease, and an altered renin–angiotensin system (5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17).