Further investigations regarding the EC-specific response to CPPs under flow may involve genetically engineered animal models (e.g., hyperlipidemic apoE−/− or Ldlr−/− mice) or prolonged incubation with CPPs in the flow system (e.g., 2 or 3 weeks) to better mimic the pathophysiological scenario in the patient with CKD. Here, LDLR is linked to chronic kidney disease.