Following the transfection of hepatoma cells with an HDV cDNA, an earlier study showed that HDV could inhibit IFN-α-induced STAT1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation and, therefore, downregulate the transcription of ISGs, such as Mx1, 2′,5′-OAS, and PKR, in response to IFN-α treatment [168]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.