VHL and renal cell carcinoma: This occurs also in metastatic RCC, where the EMT process is activated by different mechanisms, such as chronic oxidative stress, loss of VHL, and stabilization of HIF-1 α and activation of Wilm’s tumor transcription factor 1, that induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal hybrid transition in which the cells retain both epithelial and mesenchymal features [45].