In liver cancer, in 2019 Liu et al. [176] found that miR-23a-3p was released within exosomes by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions (treated with ER stress inducer tunicamycin), which was taken up by macrophages and induced the upregulation of the immunosuppressor molecule PD-L1 in vitro and in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and hepatocellular carcinoma.