They accounted for 3.5% of severe COVID-19 patients aged 17 through 77 years, and progressed to a life-threatening pneumonia without prior severe infection, indicating a determining role of dysfunctional IFN-mediated antiviral immunity underlying the progression of severe COVID-19 (Table 1 and Figure 1) [31]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to susceptibility to pneumonia measurement.