In addition to proliferation inhibition, curcumin also inhibited TGF-β-dependent myofibroblast differentiation via inhibition of TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2, as well as inhibited collagen secretion from IPF fibroblasts [33]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.