Schiewer et al. [40] demonstrated in prostate cancer cells that PARP-1 modulated both androgen-receptor function and response to DNA damage, suggesting its involvement in prostate cancer progression and maintenance of castration resistance; in this study, olaparib and veliparib successfully decreased androgen-receptor target gene expression and tumor growth using murine models and ex vivo prostate tumor cultures. Here, AR is linked to prostate cancer.