In addition, Facio-Genital Dysplasia-5 (FGD5) is an important paralog of ARHGEF39 and it has been revealed that the FGD5 plays a role in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and regulates the VEGF/PI3 kinase/Akt pathway (Nakhaei-Nejad et al., 2012; Farhan et al., 2017). Here, ARHGEF39 is linked to dysplasia.