Immune cells bind to the BBB via adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1) and infiltrate the perivascular space and the parenchyma, causing the release of inflammatory mediators (VEGF, HIF-1, NO, ET-1) from various cells, including astrocytes and microglia that stimulate angiogenic signals in MS (Kirk et al. 2004). Here, VEGFA is linked to myeloid sarcoma.