In our study, downregulation of TGFβ1 signaling was identified as the primary upstream regulator of differentially expressed genes at days 3, 7, and 12 (Additional file 2: Supplemental Fig. 6), agreeing with enhanced adipogenesis and exaggerated lipid accumulation in newly-formed adipocytes of normal-weight PCOS women in vitro [25]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.