conducted a prospective observational analysis in 12 patients with post-malaria DCA, reporting significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), in both serum and CSF, and comparing PMNS affected patients to non PMNS affected ones (8 patients). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is malaria.