NBEAL2 and cancer: In our previous studies, we demonstrated that triterpenoid saponins from Gynostemma pentaphylum together with ginseng, rotoginseng display prebiotic-like effects in the normal mouse model.26 Further research showed that G. pentaphylum saponin (GpS) exerts significant cancer-preventive effects in ApcMin/+ mice through modulating the GM composition and the gut epithelial microenvironment.27–29 We hypothesize that treatment with GpS might have preserved a particular group(s) of bacteria that provides health advantage to the host.