In contrast, in NeuroD1-treated areas, GFAP-labeled astrocytes were always detected in the vicinity of NeuroD1-converted neurons at 2 months, 6 months, or 1 year after viral infection, and less reactive in morphology compared to the control group (Supplementary Figure S2B–D, NeuroD1-mCherry columns, green signal). Here, GFAP is linked to viral infectious disease.