A mouse infection model where sEVs from a TV strain GT-21 of unknown TVV status upregulated mRNA levels of IL-10, and slightly IL-6 and TNF-α in macrophages but sEV pre-treatment prior to TV infection showed mixed effects, e.g., increased IL-10, inhibited IL-13 and IL-17, and delayed inhibition of IL-6 (Olmos-Ortiz et al., 2017). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.