INS and Alzheimer disease: Members of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family of MAPK have recently emerged as important players in AD, not only because of their increased phosphorylated expression in human postmortem brain samples and its positive co-localization with Aβ (70) but also because of their role in mediating degeneration and apoptosis in the brain, not to mention its hindrance over the neuronal insulin axis physiology.