INS and Alzheimer disease: Neuropeptides and insulin signaling have been implicated in multiple aspects of sex-specific behavior and physiology including mating and reproduction23,24, and, as our data indicate, brain-expressed Tud may partially contribute to these processes in Drosophila. Interestingly, a recent study also showed the upregulation of tobi in the fly heads in response to the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the Alzheimer’s disease Drosophila model25.