The corresponding results of AFP were: HCC versus chronic hepatitis: AUC (95%CI) 0.826 (0.766–0.876), sensitivity 79.5%, specificity 72.3% (Fig. 3D); HCC versus cirrhosis: AUC (95%CI) 0.833 (0.760–0.891), sensitivity 56.4%, specificity 95.0% (Fig. 3E); and HCC versus chronic HBV infection without HCC: AUC (95%CI) 0.829 (0.781–0.870), sensitivity 69.2%, specificity 81.8% (Fig. 3F, Table S8). Here, AFP is linked to chronic hepatitis.