KEAP1 and neoplasm: In this work, we aim at clarifying whether and how NRF2 contributes to the tumor-initiating activity and the consequent malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibiting NRF2 addiction, recognizing that ~15% of NSCLC cases carry somatic alterations of KEAP1 gene, which are major causes of NRF2 addiction27–29.