A total of 486 genes were identified and five genes (GFRA1, IRX1, NPY, PRRT4, and ZNF300) were selected, of which may have biological functions in cancers analyzed by Coremine analysis (http://www.coremine.com/medical/#search), for further targeted bisulfite sequencing in additional 35 MDS, 111 AML patients and 25 controls using MethylTarget (GENESKY, Shanghai, China)17. Here, NPY is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.