CXCL12 and Alzheimer disease: Significantly higher CXCL12 levels were found in MS patients (700.08 ± 55.68 pg/mL) (p = 0.000) but not in AD (244.17 ± 19.43 pg/mL), FTD (269.16 ± 10.48 pg/mL), or SMA-III (310.70 ± 43.70 pg/mL) when compared with controls (316.50 ± 16.25 pg/mL) (Figure 6B).