TNF and neoplasm: Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines/chemokines have been known to enhance tumor proliferation, activate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promote metastatic potential [24,25,26].