As noted in healthy subjects, exposure of Treg and Th17 cells derived from Crohn’s disease patients, resulted in decreased CD39-AS RNA levels (Fig. 3d), higher CD39 mRNA levels (Fig. 3d), increased frequencies of CD39+ cells (Supplementary Fig. 3c), and heightened CD39 MFI (Fig. 3e). Here, ENTPD1 is linked to Crohn disease.