Indeed, the downregulation of BMP, Wnt or transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling was previously associated not only with lung hypoplasia but also with pulmonary vascular remodeling, responsible for the development of persistent pulmonary hypertension at birth in a nitrofen-induced CDH rat model (reviewed in [21, 24, 45–48]). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is congenital diaphragmatic hernia.