CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: More importantly, in the clinical HCC setting, efficacy of initial ICPI therapies (based on single blockade of CTLA-4 or PD-1), have increased response rates from 15–20% to 30–35% when using anti-PD-1/PD-L1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-VEGF [9,10].