These preclinical findings led to the inclusion of VSV-hIFNβ-NIS in two combination phase I trials: one trial combined it with an anti-PD-L1 Ab, avelumab, in patients with refractory metastatic solid tumors (NCT02923466), while the other combined it with an anti-PD1 Ab, pembrolizumab, in patients with refractory non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NCT03647163). This evidence concerns the gene SLC5A5 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.