Although no interim results of the clinical trials are available, a preclinical evaluation of the same combination therapy regimens in murine renal carcinoma tumor models revealed that locally administered Pexa-Vec in combination with either PD-1- or CTLA-4-targeted ICI resulted in superior tumor growth inhibition compared to monotherapy with either the virus or the respective ICIs in both the virus-injected primary tumor and the non-injected distal tumors. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.