TP53 and glioblastoma: As previously mentioned, gain of function of the RTK/RAS/PI3K pathway is critical in GBM tumorigenesis.12 Volatile anesthetics are known modulators of RAS/PI3K signaling in different cancer cell lines including hepatocarcinoma, in which they have shown to promote apoptosis and inhibit migration.28 Volatile anesthetics can also regulate cell division by acting on p53 signaling.