Yousif et al. demonstrated that IL-32 is associated with NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in esophageal tumors in vivo (19), whereas in vitro, Oh et al. found that it is involved in the NF-κB-STAT3 signaling pathway in colon cancer cells (40). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and malignant colon neoplasm.