IL32 and cancer: IL-32 has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases and cancers, including rheumatoid arthritis (10), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (11), lymphoma (12), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (13), thyroid cancer (TC) (14), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (15), lung cancer (LC) (16–18), esophageal cancer (19), gastric cancer (GC) (20, 21), pancreatic cancer (22), colorectal cancer (CRC) (23, 24), renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (25), breast cancer (26), and endometrial cancer (EC) (27).