The membrane-bound form has also been observed in T cells.38 It has been reported that the binding of Galectin-9 to glycoproteins on immune cells exerts a variety of pathological effects, such as cell adhesion and death.39 Increased levels of plasma Galectin-9 have been observed in patients with several types of malaria,29 but the biological roles of Galectin-9 in malaria have remained unclear. Here, LGALS9 is linked to malaria.