This review describes in detail the recent advances in the search for potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of epilepsy, with a special emphasis on the variety of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (TRPV1 channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors) involved in the development and progression of the disease. This evidence concerns the gene GAL and epilepsy.