A correlation has been found between the induction of Dkk-1 and neuronal death in rats developing seizures in response to kainate injection, as well as a strong expression of Dkk-1 in the hippocampus of patients with TLE associated with hippocampal sclerosis (a common form of epilepsy associated with drug-resistance) [38], where the induction of Dkk-1 might represent a component of the sequence of events leading to neuronal death [42]. This evidence concerns the gene DKK1 and epilepsy.