TNF and HIV-1 infection: Upon further analysis of the vaccinated group, there were several main immune correlates associated with decreased risks of HIV-1 infection: IgG antibodies specific to the HIV-1 envelope (env) V1/V2 region (V1-V2 IgG3) and polyfunctional CD4+ T cell stimulation inducing CD40L, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-2, and IL-4 expression [63,64].