TNF and infection: On one hand, (i) systemic inflammation (mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and TGFβ) appears in response to the chronic infection, and (ii) the dissemination of periodontal pathogenic bacteria, the latter’s products, and antibodies developed in response to the infection [41,42] can contribute to a deterioration of renal function via proteinuria [43,44].