The aim of this study was to investigate the role of some specific cytokines such as adiponectin and TNF-α in the pathogenesis and evolution of T1DM in children and adolescents, by searching possible correlations between laboratory values and risk of T1DM, as well as to determine whether there is a link between serum levels of certain biomarkers and Z scores for weight, height, and BMI, age at the onset of the disease, association of other autoimmune disorders and onset of complications in T1DM pediatric patients. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus.