TLR9 and HIV infectious disease: Zhou et al. found that treatment of macrophages with the TLR3 agonist polyI:C inhibits HIV infection [122], while Buitendijk et al. observed that agonists for TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 all inhibited HIV infection and induced IFNα/ISG expression in PBMCs [123].