TNF and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Upregulated genes in keloids include Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α [15,25]; insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP)-3, -5, -7 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF; also associated with fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and leiomyomas) [26]; chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation markers such as RUNX2 (in both African American and Japanese populations); and associated induction of transcription factors SOX9 and scleraxis and upstream factors Trichostatin A and CAV1 [27,28,29].