TBCE and acute liver failure: Although liver tissue is relatively resistant to IRI itself, this condition triggers the generation of many factors including cytokines and chemokines produced by Kupffer cells (KCs), anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and intracellular Ca2+ overload, which cause acute liver failure (ALF) as well as commonly lead to extrahepatic multiple-organ dysfunction (MOD) [52, 53].