GDF15 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Subsequently, according to the reports [26, 36], different concentrations of recombinant human GDF-15 protein, 0ng/ml, 5ng/ml, 10ng/ml, 20ng/ml, and 40ng/ml, were chose to culture with the pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Panc-1 and Hs766t.