AFP and neoplasm: Clinical management of TGCTs is extensively guided by imaging technologies e.g. computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and by serum levels of tumour markers alpha fetoprotein (AFP), beta Human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Albers et al. 2015; Honecker et al. 2018; Lembeck et al. 2020).