Ali et al., in their study of recurrent urinary tract infection in women (28), demonstrated that both the immortalized vaginal cell line VK2 E6/E7 and primary vaginal epithelial cell lines respond to flagellated Escherichia coli via TLR5/NF-κB with production of human beta-defensin-2 protein, highlighting the important role of TLR5 signaling in this cell type and the potential of secreted effectors to impact the microbiota. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is urinary tract infection.