In the training cohort, no significant difference was found between the low-risk and high-risk groups with regard to age, sex, BMI, HBsAg, HBV-DNA, liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh classification, previous abdominal surgery, comorbidities, CEA, CA19–9, TBIL, DBIL, ALT, Albumin, NLR, ASA grade, tumor number, hepatectomy, and differentiation. Here, GPT is linked to neoplasm.